In the world of material handling, efficiency, reliability, and innovation are key. At ZoNuo, we take pride in presenting our state-of-the-art 4 Wheel Electric Forklift Trucks, engineered to meet the diverse and demanding needs of industries across the globe.

Lead-Acid Batteries Type: The Time-Tested Workhorse

1.Cost-Effective Solution

One of the primary advantages of our lead-acid battery-powered forklifts is their cost-effectiveness. The production cost of lead-acid batteries is relatively low compared to some of their counterparts. This makes our lead-acid equipped Heavy Duty Electric Counterbalance Forklifts an attractive option for businesses with budget constraints without compromising on performance. For example, in small to medium-sized warehouses where initial investment is a crucial factor, our lead-acid forklifts offer an affordable entry point into electric material handling.

2.Mature Technology and High Capacity

With a history spanning over a century, lead-acid battery technology is extremely mature. At ZoNuo, we leverage this tried and true technology to ensure stable and reliable performance. These batteries have a relatively large capacity, capable of providing sufficient power to handle heavy loads throughout the workday. In industrial settings where long - lasting power is required for continuous operations, such as in manufacturing plants with extended shift hours, the high capacity lead-acid batteries in our forklifts prove to be a reliable power source.

3.Safety First

Safety is a top priority at ZoNuo, and our lead-acid battery-powered forklifts reflect this commitment. During the charging and discharging processes, lead-acid batteries do not produce flammable or explosive substances. This significantly reduces the risk of fire and explosion hazards in the workplace, providing a safer environment for operators and other personnel. In environments where safety regulations are strict, such as in food and pharmaceutical industries, the safety features of our lead - acid - battery forklifts are highly valued.

High-Voltage Lithium Batteries Type: The Future of Forklift Power

Extended Runtime and Reduced Charging Time

Our high-voltage lithium battery-powered four-point electric counterbalance forklifts are designed for maximum productivity. Lithium batteries offer an extended runtime, allowing for longer periods of continuous operation without the need for frequent recharging. Additionally, they have a much shorter charging time compared to lead-acid batteries. In fast-paced logistics and distribution centers, where every minute counts, the quick-charging capability of our lithium forklifts can significantly increase the number of tasks completed in a day, leading to higher overall efficiency.

Lightweight and Compact Design

Lithium batteries are lighter and more compact than lead-acid batteries of the same energy capacity. This not only improves the overall maneuverability of the forklift but also contributes to reduced wear and tear on the vehicle's components. In narrow aisle applications, the lighter weight and compact size of our lithium-powered forklifts enable operators to navigate through tight spaces with ease, optimizing storage space utilization in warehouses.

Advanced Battery Management System

Each of our high-voltage lithium-powered forklifts is equipped with an intelligent battery management system. This system ensures optimal performance and safety by monitoring and controlling various parameters such as battery voltage, current, and temperature. It also helps to extend the lifespan of the battery, providing long-term value for our customers. In large scale operations where equipment downtime can be costly, the advanced battery management system in our lithium forklifts minimizes the risk of unexpected battery failures, ensuring smooth and continuous operations.

Exceptional Component Quality

Reliable and Durable Parts

At ZoNuo, we understand that the quality of a forklift is only as good as the sum of its parts. That's why we source our components from the best suppliers in the industry. From the high-strength steel used in the chassis and mast to the precision - engineered hydraulic and electrical components, every part of our four-point electric counterbalance forklifts is built to last. The robust construction of our forklifts ensures they can withstand the rigors of heavy-duty use in even the most demanding industrial environments.

Stringent Quality Control

Our commitment to quality extends to every stage of the manufacturing process. We have implemented a rigorous quality control system that includes multiple inspections and tests. Each component undergoes strict quality checks before being assembled into the forklift, and the finished product is thoroughly tested for performance, safety, and reliability. This attention to detail ensures that every ZoNuo four-point electric counterbalance forklift that leaves our factory meets the highest standards of quality.

Easy Maintenance and Serviceability

In addition to using high-quality components, we also design our forklifts with maintenance and serviceability in mind. The layout of the components is carefully planned to allow for easy access during routine maintenance and repairs. This reduces downtime and maintenance costs, keeping your operations running smoothly. Our comprehensive after - sales service network is also available to provide prompt support and assistance whenever you need it, ensuring that your ZoNuo forklift continues to perform at its best for years to come.

In conclusion, ZoNuo's 4-wheel electric counterbalance forklifts, with their versatile battery options and top-notch component quality, are the ideal choice for businesses looking to enhance their material handling operations. Whether you prioritize cost-effectiveness, long-runtime, or high-performance, our forklifts have the features and capabilities to meet your specific requirements. Contact us today to learn more about how ZoNuo can help take your business to the next level.

In the modern fields of logistics and industrial production, efficient, flexible, and environmentally friendly material handling equipment is of utmost importance. Three Wheel Electric Forklift Truck, with its outstanding performance, wide applicability, and advanced technology, offers an ideal solution for the material handling needs of various enterprises and customers.

Performance Features

1. Maneuverability for Smooth Operation in Tight Spaces

Our Mini 3 Wheel Electric Forklift features an ingenious design with an extremely small turning radius. Thanks to its unique three-point structure, the rear wheels serve both as drive wheels and steering wheels, enabling the forklift to turn and reverse easily in narrow aisles and confined spaces.

2. Powerful Performance Ensuring Efficient Handling

Equipped with a full AC dual-drive high-efficiency motor, it delivers stable and robust power output. This motor not only boasts high efficiency, providing powerful driving performance comparable to that of internal combustion forklifts but also exhibits excellent energy consumption performance. Meanwhile, the forklift's lifting system is equally efficient. The high-power oil pump motor, combined with a silent large-displacement gear pump, can lift goods quickly and smoothly.

3. Stability and Reliability for Worry-Free Operation

The battery is positioned at the bottom of the frame, lowering the overall center of gravity and significantly enhancing stability. When the forklift is operating with a load, the gantry tilts backward, and the wheelbase automatically extends, further improving stability.

4. Comfortable Operation Reducing Labor Intensity

The steering wheel's tilt angle can be adjusted, and the seat position can be adjusted forward and backward according to the driver's height and habits, ensuring that drivers of different builds can find the most comfortable driving position.

Application

1.Warehousing and Logistics Industry; 2.Manufacturing Production Workshops; 3.Industries with Strict Environmental Requirements, Such as Pharmaceuticals and Food; 4.E-commerce Distribution Centers

ZoNuo 3 wheel electric forklift adopts a high-efficiency travel control system with a high-frequency MOSFET integrated controller, ensuring smooth and precise control of the forklift's travel and lifting. This system offers excellent speed regulation performance and features multiple practical functions, including regenerative braking, reverse braking, and anti-rollback on ramps. We have fully considered the maintenance needs of users during the later operation. The forklift is designed with a fully open hood, allowing maintenance personnel to easily access all key components, greatly simplifying daily maintenance and troubleshooting. Additionally, many key components of the forklift, such as the motor and controller, adopt a modular design, facilitating replacement and repair.

ZoNuo understands that different customers have varying business requirements and operational environments. Therefore, we offer a wide range of customizable options. Customers can choose gantries of different heights according to their actual needs to meet the requirements of different cargo stacking heights. Forks of various lengths are available to adapt to different sizes of cargo pallets. Moreover, special configurations can be customized according to specific environmental requirements, such as cold storage operations or flammable and explosive environments, ensuring that the forklift can operate stably and efficiently in various complex environments.

In the quality control system of adhesive products, peel strength, long-lasting holding force and initial tackiness are the fundamental tests for evaluating the reliability of bonding. Based on 15 years of adhesive testing experience, Suzhou TOPHUNG has launched a full-process testing solution to help packaging, electronics and automotive enterprises overcome industry pain points such as delamination, creep and adhesive attenuation.

Why is systematic testing needed?

The complexity of tape performance requires multi-dimensional verification:

• The peel strength determines the reliability of immediate bonding (such as the bonding of mobile phone screens)
• Holding force reflects the long-term load capacity (such as automotive structural tapes)
• Initial adhesiveness affects the application efficiency of the production line (such as automatic label application)

Single-index testing can easily lead to quality blind spots - for instance, high-viscosity adhesive tapes may slip later due to insufficient cohesion.

    In today's fast-paced manufacturing landscape, staying ahead means maximizing production efficiency. UUPAC's Multihead Weigher is the ultimate solution for businesses aiming to streamline operations, cut costs, and increase output. With advanced features and versatile applications, it's designed to transform your production line.

Advanced Features of Our Multihead ​Weigher

1. High-Speed & Precision: Our weighers use high-precision digital sensors for rapid sampling and accurate weighing, ensuring reliable high-volume production.​

2. Flexible Zero-Setting: With manual or automatic zeroing and dynamic tracking, calibration is easy and accuracy is consistent.​

3. Optimized Algorithm: The latest sampling algorithm reduces errors and waste, enhancing weighing precision.​

4. Anti-Block Design: Multiple discharge hoppers prevent material blockages, keeping your line running smoothly.​

5. Smart Fault Detection: The built-in system quickly finds and fixes issues, minimizing downtime.​

6. Dual Function: Combining weighing and counting boosts accuracy, fitting diverse production needs.​

Wide Applications of Our Multihead Weigher

UUPAC's multihead weigher isn't just for snacks. It's engineered for quantitative weighing of granular, strip-shaped materials. In food processing, it handles items like chocolates, raisins, and coffee beans. The system also serves pharmaceutical tablets, hardware components, chemical granules, and plastic pellets – proving its adaptability across industries.

  UUPAC's Multihead Weigher offers a perfect blend of speed, precision, and flexibility tailored to your unique business needs.  Whether you're a small-scale manufacturer looking to optimize costs or a large enterprise aiming for higher throughput, our solution can deliver tangible results.  Please contact us for more information if you are interested.

    In today's fast-paced manufacturing environment, optimizing production efficiency is crucial for maintaining competitiveness. One of the key tools that can help achieve this goal is UUPAC's Belt Combination Weigher. This advanced weighing solution enhances accuracy, speed, and consistency in production lines, making it an indispensable asset for industries such as food processing, pharmaceuticals, and logistics.

What Is a Belt Combination Weigher?

    A Belt Combination Weigher is a high-speed, multi-head weighing system that combines precision and automation to ensure accurate product measurement. Unlike traditional weighing methods, it uses multiple weigh buckets and an intelligent algorithm to select the optimal combination of weights, minimizing errors and maximizing throughput.

    UUPAC's version stands out due to its durable construction, advanced software, and seamless integration with existing production lines.

Main Features of UUPAC's Belt Combination Weigher

1. Modular Belt Design——Detachable belt scale for easy cleaning.

2. Durable & Hygienic Construction——Full SUS304 stainless steel frame with IP65 dust/waterproof rating.

3. Smart Alarm System——Visual alerts for:

   ① Single overweight exceeding preset limits.

   ② Abnormal product flow or failed combination.

4. Auto-Stop Function——Halts operation upon reaching preset production targets or weighing quantities.

5. Flexible Combination Modes——Supports weight-based or quantity-based combinations.

6. Priority Combination Control——Customizable belt prioritization and quantity limits.

7. Blending Weighing Optimization——Adjustable stagger discharge intervals and belt selection for mixed products.

How to Maximize Efficiency with UUPAC's Belt Combination Weigher

1. Optimize Product Flow

① Ensure proper alignment with upstream and downstream equipment.

② Adjust belt speed to match production requirements.

2. Regular Calibration & Maintenance

① Schedule routine checks to maintain accuracy.

② Clean belt and sensors to prevent buildup.

3. Use Smart Software Features

① Leverage real-time data tracking to monitor performance.

② Adjust combination algorithms for different product densities.

4. Train Operators Effectively

① Provide hands-on training for troubleshooting and adjustments.

② Encourage proactive monitoring of weight deviations.

    Ready to boost your production efficiency? UUPAC's Belt Combination Weigher delivers faster throughput and pinpoint accuracy while reducing waste. Contact us today for a customized solution and discover how much more your production line could achieve!

  In today's competitive vegetable processing industry, inefficient packaging systems continue to hinder productivity and profitability for producers globally. UUPAC's Fully Automatic Net Bag Packing Machine delivers a better solution, combining precision engineering with smart technology to overcome three critical operational challenges. Below is an in-depth exploration of how UUPAC's Fully Automatic Net Bag Packing Machine solves vegetable packaging operational challenges.

​

1. Overcoming Manual Labor Limitation

  Traditional packaging lines rely heavily on human operators for sorting, weighing, and bagging, leading to inconsistent output and high labor costs. UUPAC's machine addresses this with its AirTAC pneumatic components and Schneider PLC control system, delivering up to 25-40 bags per minute. The intuitive touch-screen interface simplifies operation, reducing reliance on skilled labor and enabling seamless workflow management. Additionally, the dual positioning gears and proximity switches ensure precise net bag placement, eliminating the need for manual adjustments and further enhancing efficiency.​

2. Mitigating Product Damage During Packaging​

  Fragile vegetables such as leafy greens and berries often suffer bruising or wilting due to rough handling in conventional machines. UUPAC's solution incorporates a robust construction of hard carbon steel plates and stainless steel materials, ensuring hygienic operations while minimizing mechanical wear. The innovative tube design enables automatic net bag replacement after each use, reducing contact between the machine and produce to lower damage rates by 70%. This design, combined with the gentle conveying system, preserves vegetable freshness and quality, making it ideal for premium produce suppliers.​

3. Enhancing Operational Flexibility​

  Adapting to diverse production needs is critical for modern vegetable processors, and UUPAC's machine excels in delivering operational agility. The packaging size of the equipment adheres to industry standards, ensuring compatibility with various distribution channels and minimizing integration hurdles. The quick and effortless packing tie change mechanism stands out as a key feature, allowing operators to switch between different product types in minutes——whether transitioning from leafy greens to root vegetables or adjusting bag sizes for varying batch quantities. This flexibility is further amplified by the high-reliability LS inverters and Schneider PLC control system, which enable real-time parameter adjustments to accommodate different packaging requirements without compromising speed or precision. The result is a production line that can rapidly respond to fluctuating market demands, reducing downtime and maximizing equipment utilization.​

Conclusion——Why choose our Fully Automatic Net Bag Packing Machine?

1. Durable Construction: Hard carbon steel and stainless steel materials ensure corrosion resistance and long-term hygiene.​

2. Automatic Net Bag Replacement: Tube design streamlines operations for continuous use.​

3. Reliable Pneumatics: AirTAC components guarantee stable performance over extended periods​

4. Precision Positioning: Dual gears and proximity switches ensure accurate bag alignment.​

5. Intelligent Controls: LS inverters and Schneider PLCs enable intuitive, high-precision operation

6. Standardized Sizing: Meets industry packaging norms for seamless integration.​

7. Effortless Adjustments: Quick packing tie changes for versatile production runs.​

8. User-Friendly Interface: Intuitive touch-screen controls reduce training time and operational errors.​

By integrating these features, UUPAC's Fully Automatic Net Bag Packing Machine not only resolves long-standing inefficiencies but also sets new standards for productivity and quality in vegetable packaging. Please contact us for more information if you're interested.​

    In the fast-paced and highly competitive food industry, precision is not just a preference—it's a necessity. This is where UUPAC's High Accuracy Linear Weigher steps in.​

    First and foremost, a high accuracy linear weigher plays a pivotal role in ensuring food safety and compliance. By accurately measuring the weight of each food item, it helps prevent underweight or overweight packaging, which could lead to regulatory issues and damage to a brand's reputation. For example, in the production of pre-packaged snacks or frozen foods, even the slightest weight discrepancy can violate consumer protection laws.​

    Efficiency is another area where this technology shines. High accuracy linear weighers are designed for high-speed operation without sacrificing precision. They can handle a large volume of products in a short time, significantly increasing production output. This means faster turnaround times and the ability to meet growing market demands.​

    Cost-effectiveness is also a key advantage. With accurate weighing, food manufacturers can reduce product waste. Over-filling packages with extra product is not only wasteful but also increases production costs. The high accuracy linear weigher ensures that the exact amount of product is used, optimizing resource utilization and cutting down on unnecessary expenses.​ In conclusion, the high accuracy linear weigher has become an indispensable asset in the food industry, offering a combination of safety, efficiency, and cost-savings that no modern food production line can afford to overlook.​

    In the fast-paced food and beverage processing industry, the demand for material handling equipment that offers both stability and high efficiency is paramount. UUPAC's High Stability Inclined Belt Conveyor is engineered to meet these exacting standards, providing a reliable and efficient solution for a wide range of applications.

• Unmatched Material Quality for Consistent Performance

    The conveyor belt of UUPAC's inclined belt conveyor is crafted from food-grade polypropylene (PP) material. This choice of material is not only compliant with strict food safety regulations but also brings multiple advantages that contribute to high-efficiency performance. With the ability to freely adjust the belt length and width, it can be customized to fit various production line layouts, eliminating the need for complex reconfigurations. The belt's aesthetic appeal, coupled with its excellent resistance to deformation, ensures it maintains a professional look while withstanding the rigors of continuous operation. Its high and low-temperature resistance further enables seamless operation in diverse processing environments, whether it's the chilled storage areas for cold - processed foods or the high-heat zones in baking facilities. This durability reduces downtime due to belt replacement, keeping your production line running smoothly and efficiently.

• Versatility and Adaptability for Diverse Applications

    UUPAC's inclined belt conveyor stands out for its wide range of applications and long service life. The variety of patterns available on the belt surface, along with the option of sidewalls and skirts, allows for the secure transportation of different types of food and beverage products. Whether you're handling delicate pastries, heavy canned goods, or flowing liquids, there's a configuration that can be tailored to your specific needs. This adaptability minimizes the requirement for multiple conveyors, streamlining your production process and saving valuable space. The long - lasting nature of the conveyor also means lower overall costs over time, as you won't need to invest in frequent replacements, enhancing the efficiency of your operations from a financial perspective as well.

• Seamless Integration for Automated Production

    One of the key features that boosts the efficiency of UUPAC's inclined belt conveyor is its ability to combine with other equipment to form a complete production line for continuous or intermittent automatic weighing and packaging. In the food and beverage industry, where precision and speed are crucial, this seamless integration ensures a smooth flow of products from one process to the next. For example, it can be connected to automated weighing machines that accurately measure the quantity of ingredients or finished products, followed by packaging units that seal and label items with precision. This eliminates the need for manual intervention at multiple stages, reducing the risk of human error and significantly increasing production speed. The result is a highly efficient production line that can handle large volumes of products with ease, meeting the demands of modern food and beverage processing.

• User-Friendly Design for Easy Operation and Maintenance

     The variable frequency drive (VFD) feature of UUPAC's inclined belt conveyor allows for easy adjustment of the conveying speed, providing flexibility to match the pace of different production processes. Whether you need to slow down for delicate handling or speed up for high-volume production, the VFD gives you precise control. 

    Additionally, the conveyor's design enables easy disassembly, making maintenance and cleaning a breeze. In the food and beverage industry, where hygiene is of utmost importance, quick and efficient cleaning is essential to prevent cross-contamination and ensure product safety. With UUPAC's conveyor, you can minimize downtime for cleaning and maintenance, getting your production line back up and running in no time, thereby maintaining high levels of operational efficiency.

    In conclusion, UUPAC's High Stability Inclined Belt Conveyor is a comprehensive solution that delivers high-efficiency performance in the food and beverage processing industry. Its combination of high-quality materials, versatility, seamless integration capabilities, specialized solutions, and user-friendly design makes it an ideal choice for businesses looking to optimize their production processes. If you're seeking a reliable and efficient conveyor system that can enhance your productivity and reduce costs, contact UUPAC today to learn more about how our inclined belt conveyor can meet your specific needs.

Improvement of shoemaking process: The use of hot melt glue machine makes the shoemaking process more efficient, precise and cost-saving. By using hot melt glue machine in the shoemaking process, the soles, uppers and other shoe parts can be glued, which improves the efficiency of shoemaking and reduces labor costs.

Quality control and product consistency: Hot melt glue machine ensures that the glue is evenly applied to parts such as soles and uppers, improves the quality control of shoemaking and ensures product consistency. This helps to produce high-quality shoes, enhance brand image and market competitiveness.

Environmental protection and health: Compared with traditional glue methods, the hot melt adhesives used by hot melt glue machines are usually more environmentally friendly, free of volatile hazardous substances, and meet environmental standards, which helps reduce the impact of the production process on the environment. In addition, the operation of hot melt glue machines is relatively clean, reducing the risk of workers being exposed to hazardous substances and protecting the health of employees.

Customization and innovative design: The flexibility and precision of hot melt glue machines enable shoe companies to better achieve customized production and innovative design. Manufacturers can more easily explore new design concepts and production methods to provide customers with personalized customized shoes to meet different needs and markets.

Supply chain efficiency: The use of hot melt glue machines can help shoemaking companies improve supply chain efficiency and reduce production time and production costs. The rapid curing and bonding effect of glue can speed up the production process, shorten the delivery cycle, and improve the competitiveness of enterprises.

In short, the application of hot melt glue machines in the field of shoemaking plays an important role in improving production efficiency, product quality and environmental awareness, and is of great significance to the development of the shoemaking industry.

I. Characteristics and Advantages of Polyacrylate (PAA) Binders

1. Minimal Swelling in Electrolyte Solvents: Exhibits low swelling, maintaining structural integrity of electrode sheets during charge/discharge cycles.
2. High Proportion of Carboxyl Groups: The high density of polar carboxyl groups forms strong hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl-containing active materials, enhancing dispersion stability.
3. Continuous Film Formation: Creates a uniform film on material surfaces, improving contact between active materials and current collectors.
4. Excellent Mechanical Stability: Facilitates ease of processing during electrode manufacturing.
5. Enhanced SEI Formation and Cycling Performance: The high concentration of polar functional groups promotes hydrogen bonding with silicon material surfaces and aids in forming a stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer, resulting in superior cycle life.

II. Development Challenges

Conventional PAA (Polyacrylic Acid) binder systems for electrodes typically utilize cross-linked PAA polymers as the anode binder. As a high-molecular-weight polymer, PAA offers excellent adhesion, dispersion stability, and corrosion inhibition. It stabilizes the network structure within the anode slurry, ensures uniform dispersion of active materials, and extends electrode sheet lifespan.

• However, the polar functional groups facilitate hydrogen bonding within the long molecular chains of PAA. This restricts free rotation of the chains, increasing their rigidity. Consequently, PAA-based electrode sheets generally exhibit poor toughness. This compromises their ability to withstand stresses induced by the volume expansion of active materials during cycling, hinders cell winding processes, and ultimately limits improvements in battery electrochemical performance.

III. Research Practices in Practical Applications of Battery-Grade PAA

1. Sodium-Ion Battery Hard Carbon Anodes

Manufacturers of hard carbon anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs) impose stringent requirements on PAA binders. A high-quality, highly flexible PAA binder is crucial for protecting the structural integrity of hard carbon anodes.

• In the current SIB hard carbon anode market, using substandard PAA binders significantly increases the risk of elevated internal resistance, negatively impacting battery efficiency and reliability. Conversely, a premium, highly flexible PAA binder effectively mitigates these issues.
• The electrochemical performance, conductivity, environmental adaptability, and corrosion resistance of the flexible PAA binder are also critical factors, directly influencing the quality of the final hard carbon anode product.
• Beyond inherent characteristics, practical application focuses heavily on performance parameters such as binder characteristics, solid content, adhesion strength, and pH level. These parameters directly correlate with the operational efficiency of the hard carbon anode.

2. Silicon-Based Anodes

Silicon-based lithium-ion battery anodes offer a specific capacity an order of magnitude higher than conventional graphite. However, forming stable silicon anodes is challenging due to significant volume changes during the electrochemical alloying/dealloying of silicon with lithium. Binder selection and optimization are vital for improving silicon anode stability. Most research utilizes Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) and Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) binders.

• A significant body of experimental research indicates that pure PAA possesses mechanical properties comparable to CMC but contains a higher concentration of carboxyl functional groups. This enables PAA to act as a binder for Si anodes, delivering superior performance.
• Research further demonstrates the positive impact of carbon coating on anode stability. Carbon-coated Si nanopowder anodes (tested between 0.01 and 1 V vs. Li/Li+), incorporating PAA at levels as low as 15 wt%, exhibit exceptional stability over the first 100 cycles. These findings open new avenues for exploring novel binders like the Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) series.
• Crosslinking PAA with other materials represents a new development direction, including AA-CMC cross-linked binders, PAA-PVA cross-linked binders, PAA-PANI (Polyaniline) cross-linked binders, and EDTA-PAA binders.

3. PVA-g-PAA (PVA-grafted-PAA)

A novel water-soluble binder, PVA-g-PAA, is synthesized by grafting PAA onto the side chains of highly flexible PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol). This functional group modification enhances the flexibility of the PAA binder system while leveraging PVA's excellent adhesion properties.

• This free-radical grafting polymerization introduces elasticity, compensating for the structural limitations of pure PAA binders.
• During electrode sheet fabrication, rolling compaction is performed continuously using varying roller pressures across defined length segments of the sheet. This process enhances sheet toughness, minimizing deformation, increasing electrode specific capacity, improving rate capability, and extending battery cycle life.

4. PAA Prelithiation (LiPAA)

The application of silicon-carbon (Si-C) materials imposes higher demands on anode binder and conductive agent systems. Traditional rigid PVDF binders are unsuitable for Si anodes. Acrylic PAA binders contain numerous carboxyl groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds with functional groups on Si surfaces, promoting SEI formation and significantly improving the cycle life of Si anodes. Thus, PAA binders are highly effective for Si anodes.

• Studies indicate that Lithium Polyacrylate (LiPAA) outperforms PAA itself, although the underlying reasons were unclear. Extensive research has been conducted to elucidate the mechanism behind LiPAA's superior performance.
• Electrodes composed of 15% nano-Si, 73% artificial graphite, 2% carbon black, and 10% binder (either PAA or LiPAA) were studied. After initial drying, a secondary drying step at 100-200°C was performed to remove residual moisture completely. Coin cell testing revealed capacities of ~790 mAh/g for LiPAA-based anodes versus ~610 mAh/g for PAA-based anodes.

Cycle performance curves of full cells using NMC532 cathodes

• Figure A: Cells with LiPAA binder show no significant correlation between cycle performance and secondary drying temperature. The NMC532 cathode delivered an initial capacity of 127 mAh/g at C/3, declining to ~91 mAh/g after 90 cycles.
• Figure B: Cells with PAA binder exhibit a clear dependence on secondary drying temperature (120°C red, 140°C gold, 160°C green, 180°C blue). While the 160°C dried PAA cell showed the highest initial capacity and the 120°C dried cell the lowest, the 160°C dried cell degraded fastest, reaching ~62 mAh/g after 90 cycles. The 140°C dried cell degraded slower, maintaining ~71 mAh/g.
• First-cycle Coulombic Efficiency (CE): LiPAA cells achieved ~84% (only the 200°C LiPAA cell was slightly lower at ~82%). Their Coulombic efficiency rapidly increased to ~99.6% within the first 5 cycles. PAA cells achieved ~80% first-cycle CE (only the 180°C PAA cell was significantly lower at ~75%), requiring ~40 cycles to reach 99.6% CE – markedly slower than LiPAA cells.
• Pulse discharge tests at 50% Depth of Discharge (DOD) revealed significantly lower internal resistance in LiPAA cells compared to PAA cells [Referenced Figure Below], with no apparent link to secondary drying temperature for LiPAA. In contrast, PAA cell resistance increased noticeably with higher secondary drying temperatures.

• Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) by Kevin A. Hays [Referenced Figure Below] on LiPAA and PAA anodes identified two main dehydration steps: 1) Free water removal (~40°C), 2) Adsorbed water removal (LiPAA ~75°C, PAA ~125°C). Additional weight loss peaks occurred for PAA between 140-208°C and LiPAA between 85-190°C, attributed to polymerization of some carboxyl groups releasing water [Referenced Reaction Below]. This reaction is less pronounced in LiPAA, where Li replaces H in ~80% of carboxyl groups.

• High-temperature polymerization of PAA carboxyl groups may weaken the interaction between PAA and Si, potentially explaining the poor cycle performance of high-temperature dried PAA anodes. However, peel strength tests showed that while PAA adhesion decreased with higher drying temperatures, it remained higher than LiPAA overall, suggesting other factors contribute to LiPAA's superior cycling.

Ⅳ. Conclusion

This study identifies poor electrochemical stability as a key factor limiting PAA's cycle performance. At low potentials, PAA undergoes partial conversion to LiPAA, generating hydrogen gas:

PAA + ... -> LiPAA + H₂

This reaction explains the lower first-cycle CE of PAA cells (~80%) compared to LiPAA cells (~84%), and the significantly longer time (~40 cycles vs. <5 cycles) required for PAA cells to achieve high Coulombic efficiency (99.6%).

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