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Non-destructive Methods to Detect Lithium Plating

2025-05-23

Lithium plating refers to the detrimental phenomenon where lithium ions fail to intercalate into the graphite anode during charging processes, instead undergoing electrochemical reduction to form metallic lithium deposits. This results in the formation of characteristic silver-gray lithium metal layers or dendritic lithium crystals on the anode surface.

Conventionally, battery disassembly has been the primary method for confirming suspected lithium plating incidents, particularly when observable capacity anomalies or visible dendritic growth are present. However, advanced non-destructive diagnostic techniques now enable accurate detection through sophisticated electrochemical analysis.

Lithium-plating-electrode-sheet

Ⅰ. Advanced Non-Destructive Detection Methodologies:

1. Voltage Profile Deconvolution Analysis

During constant-current (CC) charging cycles, lithium-ion batteries typically exhibit a monotonically increasing voltage curve proportional to state-of-charge (SOC). The emergence of premature voltage plateau depression during the constant-voltage (CV) charging phase serves as a critical indicator of lithium plating. This phenomenon occurs due to the irreversible consumption of active lithium inventory through plating reactions, resulting in diminished reversible capacity and accelerated voltage decline.


2. Differential Capacity Analysis (dV/dQ)

This analytical technique involves calculating the first derivative of voltage with respect to capacity (dV/dQ) to identify characteristic phase transition peaks in graphite anodes. Lithium plating manifests through distinct alterations in these phase transition signatures, including:

• Peak position displacement (>20mV shift indicates severe intercalation obstruction)

• Peak intensity attenuation (reduced magnitude suggests compromised lithium insertion kinetics)

• Peak shape distortion (asymmetric broadening reflects heterogeneous reaction distribution)


3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Diagnostics

Lithium plating induces significant changes in interfacial charge transfer dynamics:

• Formation of electrically isolated "dead lithium" deposits increases ionic transport resistance

• SEI (Solid Electrolyte Interphase) layer reconstruction alters charge transfer impedance (Rct)

• High-frequency semicircle expansion in Nyquist plots (typically 100Hz-10kHz range) correlates with interfacial impedance growth

• Mid-frequency semicircle deformation reflects lithium deposition-induced charge transfer limitations


4. Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight (TOF) Characterization

This spatially resolved acoustic technique capitalizes on lithium-ion batteries' stratified architecture:

• Baseline TOF calibration establishes reference acoustic signatures

• Lithium deposition creates acoustic impedance discontinuities (ΔZ > 15% indicates significant plating)

• Echo waveform analysis detects:

- Signal amplitude attenuation (5-15dB variation)

- Phase shift anomalies (>5° deviation)

- Time-domain reflection coefficient changes (>8% threshold)

Current technical limitations:

• Primarily applicable to pouch cell configurations (aluminum casing in prismatic cells causes 90%+ ultrasonic attenuation)

• Detection threshold requires minimum 2.8% volume fraction of metallic lithium

• Requires sophisticated signal processing algorithms (e.g., wavelet transform denoising)


. Supplementary Detection Indicators:

• Coulombic efficiency depression (ΔCE > 0.5% per cycle)

• Open-circuit voltage (OCV) relaxation abnormalities

• Differential voltage analysis (dQ/dV) hysteresis expansion

• Thermal signature anomalies during relaxation phases


. Implementation Protocols:

Establish baseline parameters through initial formation cycles

Implement multi-modal detection protocol integration

Apply machine learning algorithms for pattern recognition

Perform cross-validation with reference electrode measurements

This comprehensive approach enables early-stage lithium plating detection with >92% accuracy while maintaining battery integrity, significantly enhancing safety protocols in battery management systems (BMS).


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Synergistic application of gold ore sorting and HT sorter sorting technology

2025-05-16

Gold in nature exists mostly in the form of monomers, and metal compounds such as selenium, tellurium, and antimony are occasionally seen, but non-metallic compounds are extremely rare. Gold ores are mainly divided into two categories: alluvial gold ores and rock gold ores, while rock gold ores can be subdivided into quartz vein type, fracture zone alteration rock type, fine vein dipping type, and quartz-calcite type. To address the characteristics and pain points of different types of gold ores, HT color sorter's ore sorting and AI sorting technology provide customized solutions to promote the upgrading of the beneficiation process to high efficiency and green.

First, alluvial gold mine: water conservation and efficiency, cracking the problem of resource recovery Alluvial gold ore is formed by primary gold ore through long-term water erosion, wind erosion and deposition, and according to the cause can be divided into gravity sand, flowing water sand, glacial sand and coastal (lake) sand. The beneficiation of alluvial gold is mainly re-election and enrichment. Most of the alluvial gold sands in China are flaky, or because of the long history of sand mining, the rest are flaky fine particles. Easily selectable alluvial gold ores should have more sand and less mud, with coarse sand and fine gold, otherwise they are considered difficult to select. In China, water guns and sand mining boats are commonly used for sand mining. Boundary grades are usually not required due to low cost and large scale. Generally industrial grade up to 0.1g/t (0.15g/m³) can be mined, while 0.3g/t alluvial gold ore is already rich. Alluvial gold mining cannot be done without water, and whether water can be recovered or not is the main factor affecting the cost of alluvial gold mining.

Second, rock gold mine: classification policy, overcome the bottleneck of mineral processing technology From the geological reasons, rock gold can be roughly divided into three categories: igneous rock, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock. Among them, China is dominated by igneous and metamorphic rocks, and there are fewer gold deposits in sedimentary rocks. According to the data from previous exploration, the grade of gold in igneous rocks decreases with the acidity of the rocks. The highest grade is pure peridotite and olivine, followed by amphibolite, and basalt. The lowest grade is in granite. However, it is well known that the higher the basic properties of a rock, the more susceptible it is to oxidation and weathering. Therefore, it is often said that easy to grind and difficult to select, easy to select and difficult to grind is a certain truth. Generally speaking, rock gold ore can be divided into quartz vein type, broken zone alteration rock type, fine vein dipping type, quartz calcite type from the point of view of mineral processing.

1. Quartz vein type gold ore: digging gold from waste rock, realize double benefits quartz vein type gold ore with pyrite as the main gold-carrying minerals, gold endowed with vein fissures. Traditional flotation needs to process a large amount of quartz vein, resulting in high cost and waste of resources.  Ore color sorter using pure quartz and pyrite associated quartz ore surface characteristics of the industry, the use of photoelectric color sorter technology to sort out the pure quartz and gold-bearing pyrite, selected pure quartz ore can be directly sold as raw materials; and gold-bearing pyrite concentrate grade can be greatly improved, to a place in Henan, for example, the vein quartz gold ore, into the flotation of the amount of ore is reduced by 40%, the grade of the gold ore is increased by morhttps://www.htcolorsorter.com/e than 50%.

2. Crushing zone alteration rock type gold mine: pre-enrichment to reduce the risk of tailings Crushing zone alteration gold deposit veins are mainly quartz and silk mica, metal minerals are mainly pyrite, in the form of fine vein dipping, gold and sulfide ores are coexisting, and the peripheral rock alteration is dominated by silica, kaolinite, silk mica and carbonate. In addition to pyrite, the sulfide ore is readily associated with chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, etc. Deposits of this type are usually easy to select and high recoveries can be obtained by individual flotation. If the weathering is serious, the tailings can be recovered twice by whole mud cyanidation. As for the low-grade ores in this type of mines, the gold-bearing sulfide ores in the associated ores are identified through the use of AI ore sorting, and the low-grade enclosing rocks are thrown away, so as to achieve the upgrading of the gold grade to realize the recycling of the gold ore resources. 

3. Quartz-calcite-type gold ore: efficient activation of dispersed resources The vein minerals of quartz-calcite gold deposits are quartz and calcite, and the gold minerals are bubbling in the vein minerals and metal minerals, and the metal minerals range from simple to complex, and the majority of them contain poisonous sands, staghornite, magnetic pyrite, black copper ore and so on. Due to the good distribution of gold and the large influence of metal minerals on the mineral selection process, it is difficult to take into account both the efficiency and economy of the sorting process through a single process. efficiency and economy.   Pre-selection is carried out by capturing the differences in multi-dimensional characteristics of quartz, calcite and associated minerals on the surface (such as spots, color, texture, etc.), and the pre-selected concentrate is used for recovering gold through flotation, which can greatly reduce the amount of flotation scale.

 

Technology empowerment: from cost reduction and efficiency increase to green mine The core of HT color sorter sorting technology lies in multi-dimensional perception and resource recycling: accurate sorting: spectral recognition accuracy > 99%, can handle low-grade ore with a boundary grade of 0.3g/t; zero-waste target: quartz, calcite and other veins are turned into treasures, and the amount of tailings is reduced by 50%-70%.  HT color sorter technology not only solves the problem of high cost and low recovery rate in traditional ore dressing, but also reconstructs the economic model of mines with resourceful thinking by precisely adapting to different types of rock gold deposits. From turning waste rock into building materials for quartz vein mines to AI pre-enrichment for complex associated mines, technological innovation is driving the industry to move forward in the direction of high efficiency, greenness and sustainability.

Hotels Go Green Heat Recovery Chillers Cut Costs and Carbon Footprints

2025-05-15

In the operation of hotels, energy costs are a significant factor that cannot be overlooked. The advent of heat recovery chillers offers an efficient and energy-saving solution for hotels.


Cost Savings HVACR Equipment


A heat recovery chiller, in simple terms, not only performs cooling tasks but also effectively recovers heat. For hotels, this is a highly practical feature. Traditional chillers only accomplish cooling, wasting the heat generated. However, heat recovery chillers are different; they can convert the otherwise wasted heat into usable hot water.

In principle, during the cooling cycle of a chiller, the refrigerant releases heat. Heat recovery chillers use special devices to collect this heat, and through a series of heat exchange processes, they can produce hot water. This hot water can be used in various scenarios within the hotel. For example, it can supply water for guest rooms' washing and brushing, provide hot water for the hotel's restaurant kitchen, and even be used for heating the swimming pool.

From a cost perspective, using a heat recovery chiller in a hotel means getting hot water for free while cooling. This significantly reduces the energy consumption required for the hotel to prepare hot water separately, such as reducing the use of gas or electric water heaters. Over time, this can save the hotel a considerable amount of money.

From an environmental perspective, the use of this equipment also reduces energy waste and lowers the hotel's carbon emissions. This aligns with modern society's requirements for corporate energy conservation and emission reduction, and it helps enhance the hotel's social image.

For hotels, heat recovery chillers are a multi-beneficial device. They not only meet the hotel's cooling needs but also allow the hotel to easily achieve free hot water supply, offering positive implications in terms of cost savings and environmental protection.



Built for the Waves The Ultimate Marine Heat Exchanger Solution

2025-05-15

In the maritime industry, heat exchangers play a vital role in ensuring the efficiency and safety of ship operations. Marine heat exchangers made with stainless steel tubes and nickel-copper tube sheets have emerged as the preferred solution due to their exceptional performance and durability.

Stainless steel tubes Nickel-copper tube


Advantages of Stainless Steel Tubes in Marine Heat Exchangers

Stainless steel is renowned for its outstanding corrosion resistance and high-temperature tolerance. In the harsh marine environment, where seawater and various working media pose significant corrosion risks, stainless steel tubes offer long-lasting protection and efficiency. Their high strength and excellent processability enable them to withstand high pressure, making them well-suited for the complex and variable conditions ships often encounter.

Benefits of Nickel-Copper Alloy Tube Sheets

The use of nickel-copper alloy combined with carbon steel for tube sheets provides superior corrosion resistance, especially in seawater applications. This alloy also boasts excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical strength, contributing to the stable and reliable external structure of the heat exchanger. Additionally, the low thermal expansion coefficient of nickel-copper reduces the impact of thermal stress, ensuring the structural stability of the shell under fluctuating temperatures.

Corrosion resistance Thermal efficiency Marine equipment


Why This Combination is Ideal for Marine Applications

The combination of stainless steel tubes and nickel-copper alloy tube sheets enhances heat exchange efficiency and improves the overall reliability of the equipment. This design reduces maintenance costs and provides robust protection against the challenges of the marine environment. As a result, this type of marine heat exchanger becomes an indispensable component for safe and efficient ship operation.


How is the Refrigeration Industry Leading the Green Development with R404A

2025-05-15

As global environmental concerns continue to rise, the refrigeration industry is undergoing a significant transformation. Water-cooled low-temperature units exported overseas are now increasingly adopting the eco-friendly refrigerant R404A, leading the way in the industry's green development. Here's a deeper look into this trend.


Hstars Eco-friendly refrigerants water-cooled low-temperature units



Why Is R404A Becoming the Preferred Refrigerant for Water-Cooled Low-Temperature Units?

R404A is a blend of refrigerants that stands out due to its environmentally friendly properties. It is free from Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) and has a relatively low Global Warming Potential (GWP), making it an ideal substitute for traditional refrigerants. This balance between high-performance cooling and environmental friendliness has made R404A especially popular in regions with strict environmental regulations, such as Europe and North America.
Water-cooled low-temperature units exported to these areas are now commonly equipped with R404A to meet local environmental standards, ensuring compliance with stringent laws while offering superior cooling performance.

Key Advantages of R404A for Low-Temperature Cooling Systems

1. Environmental Compliance:


R404A does not contribute to ozone depletion and has a significantly lower GWP than older refrigerants, making it an environmentally responsible choice.

2. Thermodynamic Efficiency:


R404A operates efficiently across a wide temperature range, even at extremely low temperatures. This makes it ideal for applications that require precise temperature control, such as research laboratories, medical equipment, and high-end manufacturing processes.

3. Cost Savings:


R404A refrigerant reduces maintenance costs due to its superior thermodynamic properties. Additionally, it can replace existing refrigerants in current systems without requiring large-scale modifications, saving both initial and future maintenance costs.

4. Better System Compatibility:


The refrigerant can be seamlessly integrated into existing systems without significant adjustments, providing an easy transition for users and manufacturers alike.


The Future of Water-Cooled Low-Temperature Units with R404A
The adoption of R404A not only aligns with the global green development trend but also opens up broader international markets for water-cooled low-temperature units. As demand for eco-friendly refrigerants continues to grow worldwide, it is expected that R404A, alongside other sustainable refrigerants, will become the standard for many refrigeration systems in the future.


What Happens When Low-Temperature Chillers Meet Pump Skids

2025-05-15

In the world of industrial equipment, pairing low-temperature chillers with pump skid units has become a recommendation many companies swear by. At H.Stars, we highly recommend this combination for several strategic reasons, which reflect our expertise and forward-thinking approach to industrial operations.


Hstars Low-temperature chillers


The Benefits of Using Pump Skid Units with Low-Temperature Chillers

When it comes to industrial cooling systems, maintaining a stable and efficient water circulation system is critical for ensuring the consistent output of the chiller. Pump skid units, thanks to their integrated design, provide a highly effective solution to this challenge. Here’s why they make a perfect match for low-temperature chillers:

1. Optimized System Efficiency

Pump skid units play a crucial role in stabilizing water flow parameters—speed, pressure, and volume—ensuring the chiller operates at peak efficiency. By maintaining steady water circulation, they prevent fluctuations in cooling performance, leading to higher energy efficiency and smoother operation.

2. Streamlined Maintenance

Unlike traditional decentralized pump systems, the skid design integrates all components into one compact unit. This centralized structure allows for easier management and quicker troubleshooting. If a malfunction occurs, maintenance technicians can quickly identify and address the issue, minimizing downtime and reducing repair costs.

3. Enhanced Reliability

Pump skid units undergo rigorous testing and optimization, ensuring they perform reliably even in challenging industrial environments. When paired with low-temperature chillers, they help guarantee the overall reliability of the entire cooling system, contributing to a more stable production process.

Why H.Stars Recommends Pump Skid Units for Low-Temperature Chillers
By integrating pump skid units into your low-temperature chiller setup, companies can experience not only enhanced efficiency but also simplified maintenance and increased system reliability. This combination ensures optimal performance, making it a highly valuable recommendation for industrial applications.


What’s the Secret to Durable, Efficient Heat Exchange in Harsh Environments

2025-05-15

In the chemical industry, heat exchangers are critical equipment for achieving material heat exchange and improving energy efficiency. United Factory, a professional heat exchanger manufacturer, has customized a stainless steel spray heat exchanger tailored to the specific needs of chemical plants, meeting the high-performance requirements of heat exchange equipment in chemical production.


Chemical Plant Efficiency Heat Exchanger


Material selection is crucial. United Factory uses high-quality 316L stainless steel as the main material for the spray heat exchanger. This material not only offers excellent corrosion resistance, capable of withstanding the acidic and alkaline environments common in chemical production, but also ensures stable operation under complex working conditions due to its high thermal conductivity and excellent processing properties.


The design structure reflects innovation and practicality. The spray heat exchanger improves heat exchange efficiency by uniformly spraying the cooling medium onto the heat exchange tube bundle, utilizing direct contact heat exchange. United Factory has optimized the spray distribution system in the design, ensuring full contact between the cooling medium and the hot fluid, thereby achieving efficient heat exchange and reducing energy consumption.


Easy Maintenance Heat Exchangers


To meet the maintenance and cleaning needs of chemical plants, H.Stars Factory has designed a structure that is easy to disassemble and clean. This allows operators to perform routine maintenance conveniently, reducing equipment downtime and improving production efficiency.


The custom stainless steel spray heat exchanger developed by United Factory not only demonstrates professionalism and innovation in material and structural design but also takes full consideration of safety and maintenance convenience. It is a high-quality heat exchange device that effectively enhances chemical production efficiency and reduces energy consumption.




What's the Secret to Versatile, Cost-Effective Cooling

2025-05-15

Among the many pieces of equipment in industrial settings, dual-mode screw inverter chillers shine like unique gems, offering exceptional value. For businesses, understanding their special features not only maximizes their efficiency but also brings unexpected benefits in cost control and productivity improvement. Whether in the production workshops of large factories or the server rooms of data centers, dual-mode screw inverter chillers play a vital role. Today, let’s explore what makes them so special.


Hstars Energy Efficiency Screw Inverter Chiller



1. Dual-Mode Operation

One of the standout features of dual-mode screw inverter chillers is their ability to operate in two distinct modes: cooling and ice-making. They can seamlessly switch between these modes based on actual needs. In cooling mode, they provide a stable low-temperature environment for production equipment and office spaces, effectively reducing temperatures and ensuring smooth operations while preventing overheating-related failures or reduced lifespan. In ice-making mode, they meet the demands of specialized processes, such as rapid ice production in food processing or ice storage for cooling in buildings during off-peak hours, releasing stored cooling during peak hours to save on electricity costs.

2. Advantages of Screw Inverter Technology

Another key feature is the use of screw inverter technology. Screw compressors are known for their compact structure and high efficiency, and the addition of inverter functionality takes their performance to the next level. The chiller can automatically adjust the compressor speed based on actual cooling load demands, eliminating the frequent start-stop issues of traditional fixed-speed chillers. During low-load operation, the inverter chiller reduces energy consumption and minimizes waste. For businesses, this translates to significant long-term cost savings and aligns with modern sustainability goals by reducing energy consumption and emissions.


Hstars Precise Temperature Control Industrial Chiller


3. Precise Temperature Control

Dual-mode screw inverter chillers excel in temperature control, maintaining precise temperatures within a narrow range. This is crucial for industries with stringent temperature requirements, such as electronic chip manufacturing or precision instrument processing. Accurate temperature control ensures consistent product quality, reduces defect rates caused by temperature fluctuations, and enhances overall production efficiency.

4. Wide Applicability

These chillers are highly versatile, suitable for both small and large enterprises across industrial and commercial sectors. In industrial applications, they are used for temperature regulation in industries like chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. In commercial settings, they provide cooling for air conditioning systems in malls, hotels, and other spaces, meeting diverse cooling needs across different areas and time periods.
With their dual-mode operation, screw inverter technology, precise temperature control, and wide applicability, dual-mode screw inverter chillers hold an irreplaceable position in industrial and commercial settings. They act as reliable assistants, safeguarding production and operations while improving efficiency, reducing costs, and ensuring product quality. When considering cooling equipment, dual-mode screw inverter chillers are undoubtedly a top-tier choice worth exploring.



What Does a Double Wings Drop Falling Tester Do?

2025-04-28
What Does a Double Wings Drop Falling Tester Do?

In the realm of product packaging, ensuring the durability and safety of a product during transportation is paramount. The Double Wings Drop Falling Tester plays a critical role in this quality assurance process. This article explores the functionality, significance, and technical details of the Double Wings Drop Falling Tester, a sophisticated piece of equipment designed to assess the impact resistance of packaging.


Drop Test Equipment for Packages Test

The Importance of Packaging Durability
Before diving into the specifics of the Double Wings Drop Falling Tester, it’s essential to understand why packaging durability matters. During transportation, whether by land, sea, or air, packages are subject to various forms of stress, including drops, impacts, and vibrations. These stresses can cause damage to the product inside, leading to financial loss, customer dissatisfaction, and potential safety hazards.

To mitigate these risks, companies invest in packaging that can withstand the rigors of transportation. However, designing such packaging requires rigorous testing to ensure it meets the necessary standards. This is where the Double Wings Drop Falling Tester comes into play.

What is a Double Wings Drop Falling Tester?
The Double Wings Drop Falling Tester is a specialized piece of equipment used to simulate the impact that a package might experience during transportation. It is particularly useful in assessing the package's ability to withstand drops from various angles, including flat faces, edges, and corners.

How Does It Work?
The Double Wings Drop Falling Tester operates using an advanced mechanical structure. The testing process begins by securing the packaging sample onto the tester's bracket. The tester then lifts the sample to a predetermined height before releasing it. During the drop, the bracket holding the package moves downward rapidly and then executes a rotary movement. This sequence ensures that the package is released in a free-fall state, allowing for an accurate simulation of a real-world drop scenario.

One of the key advantages of the Double Wings Drop Falling Tester is its ability to test the package from multiple angles. This includes testing the package on its faces, edges, and corners, providing a comprehensive assessment of its durability. The equipment is also designed to minimize impact vibration during the drop, ensuring stable and reliable test results.


Drop Test Equipment for Packages Test


Benefits of Using a Double Wings Drop Falling Tester

  • Accurate Simulation of Real-World Conditions: The advanced structure of the Drop & Falling Tester allows for precise replication of the drop impacts that a package might experience during transportation. This ensures that the test results are highly reliable and can be used to predict the package’s performance in real-life scenarios.


  • Comprehensive Testing: By enabling tests from multiple angles—faces, edges, and corners—the Drop & Falling Tester provides a thorough evaluation of the packaging’s durability. This comprehensive testing helps identify potential weak points in the design that could lead to product damage.


  • Enhanced Packaging Design: The data obtained from drop tests can be used to improve packaging design. Manufacturers can adjust materials, design structures, and cushioning elements based on test results to enhance the overall protection offered by the packaging.


  • Cost Savings: By identifying and addressing potential packaging weaknesses before a product is shipped, companies can avoid the costly consequences of damaged goods. This not only saves money but also protects the company’s reputation and ensures customer satisfaction.


  • Compliance with Industry Standards: Many industries have strict regulations regarding packaging durability. The Double Wings Drop Falling Tester helps companies ensure that their packaging meets these standards, reducing the risk of regulatory issues and product recalls.
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